Anesthesia is a painless performance of medical producers. There are both major and minor risks of anesthesia. Anesthesia is a state of temporary induced loss of sensation or awareness. It gives analgesia i.e. relief from pain or prevention of pain and paralysis. General anaesthesia is a medically induced state of unconsciousness. It gives loss of protective reflux. It is carried out to allow medical procedures or medical surgery. It can be classified into 3 types like Intravenous Anesthetics Drug; Miscellaneous Drug; and Inhalational anesthetic Drug. Sodium thiopental is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate and has been used commonly in the induction phase of anesthesia. Methohexital is an example of barbiturates derivatives. It is classified as short-acting, and has a rapid onset of action.

Background: Urinary schistosomiasis is a disease caused by parasitic worms which, if left untreated, can eventually lead to anaemia, malnutrition, kidney failure, or bladder cancer. The disease occurs mainly in school-aged children and young adults in sub-Saharan Africa. Justification: Schistosomiasis is one of the most parasitic diseases with serious complications that may lead to infertility, renal failure and bladder carcinoma. Objectives: To know the prevalence of Schistosoma hematobium among school aged children in Khelawa village, River Nile State, Sudan. Materials and method: Descriptive, cross sectional study, 200 urine specimens were collected from each participant and examined by parasitological method. Result: 32.5 % of school aged children were infected with Schistosoma haematobium. Conclusion: High percentage of urinary schistosomiasis among study group is attributed to patient’s behaviors, presence of irrigated scheme near their inhabitants and due to absence of qualified health care unit. Recommendations: Further studies are recommended applying more diagnostic methods and including large number of population.

Background: Gestational thrombocytopenia, also known as incidental thrombocytopenia of pregnancy, is the commonest cause of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy occurring in approximately 75% of cases, it occurs in the middle of the second trimester and the third trimester and is not associated with maternal bleeding. Rationale: Gestational thrombocytopenia may lead to severe complications for both pregnant lady and her fetus. Objectives: To know the prevalence of gestational thrombocytopenia among selected group of pregnant ladies. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross sectional study, blood specimen was collected from 100 pregnant ladies and examined by full automated haematological analyzer. Result: There is no reported case of gestational thrombocytopenia among all pregnant ladies involved in the study (0%). Discussion: Globally gestational thrombocytopenia is considered when platelets count is below 116.000cell/μl of blood, no one of participants down to this number then the percentage of gestational thrombocytopenia among the study group (0%) is lower than the normal reference range of gestational thrombocytopenia (7-8%). Conclusion: There is no gestational thrombocytopenia among the pregnant ladies involved in the study. Recommendation: Further studies should be done involving pregnant ladies from different racial group to know the effect of race on the number of platelets during pregnancy.

Urolithiasis is one of the common condition, that the calculi are formed or located in the urinary system. It is a process of formation of the stone in kidney, bladder, ureter and also in the gall bladder. Since it is a multidactorial disease, its etiology is very complex and highly unpredictable. The urinary stone is an aggregation of solute materials from urine such as calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and uric acid. A wide range of population depends on traditional system of medicine. Number of plants is used in traditional system of medicine to treat many diseases. The remedy from herbal source that offer better protection and decreased relapse, because they promote the repair mechanism in natural way. Therefore investigation of a newherbal remedy for urolithiasis from mother natureis the goal of this study. After survey, Commelina benghalensis plant was selected for the present study. Aqueous extract of leaf of the plant showed good anti-urolithiatic activity when compare to the standard cystone.

A great deal of work has been done for the synthesis of some novel group of imines derivatives (Schiff base) from 2-aminobenzimidazole with heteroaromatic aldehydes by catalytic amount of methane sulfonic acid in ethanol. The intermediate moiety (benzimidazole) can be synthesized from o-phenyldiamine with cyanobromide in presence of acid medium all the titled compounds were evaluated based on advanced spectroscopic data (1HNMR, 13CNMR, LCMS) and Structural determination was calculated determined by elemental analysis. Besides, we examined biological properties about the synthesized compounds.

This study was carried out to evaluate the pharmacognostical parameters for the aerial parts (leaves and stem) of the plant Corallocarpus epigaeus (Cucurbitaceae). Traditionally the plant is used as bitter, emetic, cures inflammations (Ayurveda). Root tuber for snake bite, anaemia, leprosy, eczema, dysentery, arthitis, rheumatism, chronic mucous enteritis, diabetes. Stem for filariasis, wounds, emetic, goiter and diabetes. An attempt has been made for proper identification of this folk herb for obtaining its complete therapeutic effects. With this view the morphoanatomy of the leaves and stem, along with its quantitative microscopy, microscopic linear measurements, WHO recommended physico-chemical determinations and authentic phytochemical procedures are the important diagnostic characters have been carried out to aid the complete pharmacognostical evaluation of the plant. The parameters reported in this paper may be proposed as the referential standards to establish the authenticity of Corallocarpus epigaeus. This study also helps in differentiation of this drug from its other species.